BERLIN, GERMANY – MARCH 29: A cyclist drives past a parked car and its exhaust pipe on March 29, 2005 in Berlin, Germany. Many German cities are close to violating EU-regulated emission limits of so-called fine particle dust, which mostly comes from diesel engines and worn tires. The German city of Munich recently exceeded its limit, and other cities, including Berlin and Frankfurt, are likely to do so soon. While other countries in Europe, such as Italy and France, have been dealing with the growing problem, Germany has lagged behind. An estimated tens of thousand of Germans die every year because of the medical consequences of breathing in fine particle dust. Several German automakers recently announced they will introduce particle filters for their diesel cars sooner than originally planned. (Photo by Sean Gallup/Getty Images)

Germany, France, Italy and Spain account for half (52%) of road emissions generated by the transport sector in Europe, according to figures from the European Environment Agency, which covers EU members and a handful of other countries such as Turkey and Switzerland.

Germany expelled 157,707 gigagrams (gg) of CO2 equivalent into the air in 2019 from road transport, followed by France at 124,795gg of CO2 and Italy at 96,866gg.

Luxembourg, which has comparatively lower overall transport emissions at 6,020gg of CO2 equivalent, is nevertheless the largest emitter by far when adjusted for population.

The tiny European country emitted an average of 9,711kg of CO2 per person in 2018 just in the transport sector, about three and a half times the emissions of Slovenia, the second country on the list.

An Ecologic Institute report found that more than half of Luxembourg’s overall emissions come from its transport sector, the result of very low excise duties on fuels.

Transport emissions have significantly increased in the past 20 years. Turkey and Poland in particular have more than tripled the amount of CO2 produced by their transport sectors from 1990 to 2018.

Sweden, Germany, Finland, Estonia and Liechtenstein are the only countries in the EU that have managed to reduce emissions – and then only by a small percentage.

Sweden has encouraged the electrification of its fleet with a “charge at home” grant for personal electric vehicle charging stations. Finland has seen emissions drop by a small margin, despite an increase in the volume of traffic, thanks, in part, to cleaner fuels.